Table 3 Water binding capacity, swelling power, solubility, and chromaticity of ungerminated black soybean (G. max L. cv. Cheongja #3) flours with roasting temperatures and times

Roasting temp. (°C)	Roasting time (min)	Water binding capacity (%)	Water solubility index (%)	Swelling power (%)	Chromaticity
					L-value	a-value	b-value
					160	10	79.38±2.13^k1)	38.63±1.17^b	25.10±0.74^bcd	34.90±1.22^a	-2.67±0.11^l	8.99±0.41^e
180	10	101.98±2.58ⁱ	42.04±1.70^a	25.98±0.41^ab	31.16±0.24^bcde	-2.28±0.08^k	7.95±0.21^f
200	10	133.08±3.16^h	39.71±1.21^b	25.33±0.57^abc	31.97±1.66^b	-1.73±0.10^j	7.37±0.41^g
220	10	180.92±2.82^bc	28.19±1.09^d	22.24±0.30^e	30.52±0.65^cde	-0.61±0.05^h	8.95±0.28^e
240	10	162.60±7.21^ef	24.94±0.32^f	21.31±0.09^ef	30.23±0.30^de	0.46±0.09^e	11.05±0.12^c
160	20	88.11±3.86^j	37.88±0.49^bc	24.50±0.22^cd	31.46±0.86^bcd	-2.28±0.09^k	7.85±0.29^f
180	20	133.63±3.58^h	42.44±2.29^a	26.29±1.73^a	31.06±1.00^bcde	-1.61±0.04^j	7.88±0.09^f
200	20	188.28±2.84^b	27.33±1.45^de	21.74±0.64^e	30.70±0.15^bcde	-0.41±0.02^g	8.94±0.04^e
220	20	172.91±6.51^cd	19.59±1.14^hi	20.01±0.30^g	25.43±0.32^f	2.48±0.05^d	12.38±0.26^b
240	20	158.70±7.19^fg	22.03±0.40^g	20.46±0.05^fg	21.98±0.23^g	3.67±0.04^b	13.17±0.09^a
160	30	91.31±1.81^j	37.64±0.63^bc	24.78±0.59^cd	31.45±0.44^bcd	-2.15±0.02^k	7.78±0.10^f
180	30	166.98±4.24^de	36.09±0.48^c	24.03±0.35^d	31.68±0.23^bc	-1.11±0.04ⁱ	9.04±0.17^e
200	30	214.82±7.69^a	25.47±1.29^ef	21.38±0.61^ef	30.08±0.43^e	0.16±0.02^f	10.14±0.04^d
220	30	175.48±3.31^c	19.12±1.53ⁱ	20.11±0.55^g	22.24±0.24^g	3.46±0.28^c	12.49±0.27^b
240	30	153.12±4.78^g	21.22±0.19^gh	20.46±0.19^fg	17.66±0.13^h	5.08±0.03^a	12.70±0.06^b

Water binding capacity, water solubility index and swelling power of ungerminated black soybean flours were 141.64, 49.26, and 30.90%, respectively. The L-value, a-value, and b-value of ungerminated black soybean flours were 31.26, -2.30, and 7.61, respectively.
All values are expressed as the mean ± SD of triplicate determinations. Means with different superscripts within a column (a l) are significantly different at p < 0.05 by a Duncan’s multiple range test.