Table 3 The beneficial effects of functional ingredients on VLDLRa in vivo and in vitro

Functional ingredient	Species	Concentration	Effects	Reference
Alfalfa saponin extract	Hy-line brown hens	120 mg/kg	Cholesterol in egg yolk↓	Zhou et al., 2014
Alfalfa saponin extract	Hy-line brown hens	120 mg/kg	mRNA level of VLDLR↓	Zhou et al., 2014
Chitosan	SD rats	3%, 5%, 7% chitosan	Body weight↓, epididymal fat↓, plasma TC↓	Liu et al., 2012
Chitosan	SD rats	3%, 5%, 7% chitosan	Protein level of VLDLR, ANGPTL4, ApoB48/100↑	Liu et al., 2012
Cistanche tubulosa extract	DDY mice	400 mg/kg	Serum cholesterol↓	Shimoda et al., 2009
			mRNA level of VLDLR, cytochrome P450 SCC,
			HMGCR↑
Korean red ginseng extract	C57BL/6J mice	10 g/kg	Body weight, weight gain, total fat↓, serum TC, LDL-C↓	Song et al., 2012
Korean red ginseng extract	C57BL/6J mice	10 g/kg	mRNA level of VLDLR↓	Song et al., 2012
Soya protein	Zucker rats	6.7%	mRNA level of VLDLR, LPL↓	Gudbrandsen et al., 2006
Soya protein	Zucker rats	6.7%	Plasma TG↑	Gudbrandsen et al., 2006
Cistanche tubulosa extract	HepG2	30 μg/mL	mRNA level of ApoB, VLDLR, cytochrome P450 SCC↑	Shimoda et al., 2009

VLDLR, very low density lipoprotein receptor; TC, total cholesterol; ANGPTL4, angiopoietin-like 4; ApoB48/100, apolipoproteinB 48/100; HMGCR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LPL, lipoprotein lipase