Table 1 The beneficial effects of functional ingredients on LDLRa in vivo and in vitro

Functional ingredient	Species	Concentration	Effects	Reference
Berberine	C57BL/6 mice	30 mg/kg	Plasma TG, TC, LDL-C↓, HDL-C↑	Xiao et al., 2012
Berberine	C57BL/6 mice	30 mg/kg	mRNA/protein level of SREBP2, LDLR↑, PCSK9↓	Xiao et al., 2012
Broccoli sprout	Hamster	10 mg/kg	Plasma TG, TC↓	Cantu et al., 2011
Broccoli sprout	Hamster	10 mg/kg	mRNA level of LDLR↑, SREBP, HMGCR, FAS, ApoB100↓	Cantu et al., 2011
Fuzhuan brick teas	SD rats	300 mg/kg	Body weight and fat mass↓, serum TG, TC, LDL↓	Li et al., 2013
Fuzhuan brick teas	SD rats	300 mg/kg	mRNA level of C/EBPα, FAS, SREBP1↓	Li et al., 2013
Guar gum	Pigs	10%	Plasma TC, LDL-C↓	Rideout et al., 2007
Guar gum	Pigs	10%	Protein level of SREBP2, LDLR↑	Rideout et al., 2007
Oat	SD rats	30%	Body weight↓, serum TG, TC, LDL-C↓	Peng et al., 2013
Oat	SD rats	30%	Protein level of FAS, GPAT1, HMGCR↓, LDLR↑	Peng et al., 2013
Red wine polyphenol	ICR mice	375 mg/day	Plasma TG, TC, LDL-C↓	Lee et al., 2013
Red wine polyphenol	ICR mice	375 mg/day	mRNA level of SREBP2, LDLR↑, HMGCR↓	Lee et al., 2013
Rice bran oil	SD rats	15 g/kg	Plasma TG, VLDL, LDL-C↓	Chen et al., 2006
Rice bran oil	SD rats	15 g/kg	mRNA level of hepatic LDLR-	Chen et al., 2006
Taurine	SD rats	1 g/kg	Body weight↓, serum cholesterol, TG↓	Chou et al., 2012
Taurine	SD rats	1 g/kg	mRNA of LDLR, PPARα	Chou et al., 2012
Catechin	HepG2	200 μM	Intracellular cholesterol↓, LDLR activity↑	Bursil et al., 2001
Catechin	HepG2	200 μM	Protein level of LDLR↑	Bursil et al., 2001
Genistein/Daidzein	HepG2	50, 100 μM	ApoB↓, cellular FC↓, LDLR activity↑	Borradaile et al., 2002
Genistein/Daidzein	HepG2	50, 100 μM	mRNA level of ApoB, LDLR, HMGCR, MTP, ACAT1/2↓	Borradaile et al., 2002
Lupin peptides	HepG2	2.5 mg/mL	Protein level of SREBP2, LDLR, HMGCR-, HMGCR activity↓	Lammi et al., 2014
Lupin peptides	HepG2	2.5 mg/mL	LDL-C uptake↑	Lammi et al., 2014
Red wine polyphenol	HepG2	0.4 mg/mL	Intracellular TC, TG↓	Lee et al., 2013

LDLR, low density lipoprotein receptor; SREBP1/2, sterol responsive element binding protein 1/2; PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein; FC, free cholesterol; ApoB, apolipoproteinB; HMGCR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; MTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; ACAT1/2, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein; FAS, fatty acid synthase; GPAT1, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1; C/EBPα, CCAAT/ enhancer-binding protein α; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α